In the east of Kyoto, next to the Gion District, you find the Yasaka Shrine, also known as Gion Shrine. This is a rather small temple, but it is very famous for its Gion Matsuri Festival. This is the main festival in Kyoto, and one of the biggest in Japan. The Festival takes place in July.
You can get here on foot from Kiyomizu Temple, or by public bus from Kyoto Train Station.